The Dimensions Of Social Responsibility Essay - 922 Words

There are four dimensions of social responsibility are economical, legal, ethical, and voluntary including philanthropic (Ferrell, Hirt, Ferrell, 2009, p. 41). The economic dimension is the basis that the firm demands profits and being profitable assures its endurance. A firm is accountable to its shareholders, to its employees and to the customers in the economic sense. It has the responsibility to make profit for the investors that trusted the corporation with their funds and have a reasonable and acceptable return on their investment for them. Furthermore the corporation has the duty to have fair compensation for the employees employed by it. To the customers the responsibility is to provide product and services for a fair price. Thus, meeting the economic responsibility is the foundation of responsibilities and the basis for the subsequent responsibilities. These are responsibilities that are required by the society (Carroll, 1991). Also when thinking about the economical aspect of social responsibilities, there is also another external consideration which is the supplier. The fate of the company can be closely tied to the fate of the supplier (Freeman, 2001), although depending on variables and factors exceptions can be made. The company-supplier relationship a lot of times determine when expansion and growth can happen or vice versa. Therefore the willingness of the supplier to follow company’s ethical behaviour or resist it can have major impact on the companyShow MoreRelatedSustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesMGT 400 Sustainability: Ethical and Social Responsibility Dimensions Faculty: Case Study Henry Siegel Student: Allen Johnson National University December 12, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Issues Raised 4 Textbook Questions 5 References 6 Introduction When making business decisions that impact the environment, there are often risks and issues that affect an organization. It is important to identify those issues and risks to promote sustainability. Read More: Critically Evaluate Corporate Social Responsibility as an Ethical Tool Basing Some of Your Argument on the Toyota Case Study1711 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility is Corporate Social Responsibility can be defined has an obligation beyond that required law and economics , for a firm to purse long term goals that are good for the society. This entails the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving quality of the workforce and their families as well as that of the local community and society at large. Bhatia (2004) defined corporate social responsibility as a toolRead MoreTo What Extent Is Csr Beneficial to a Companys Performance1184 Words   |  5 PagesBeneficial to a Company’s Performance? Corporate social responsibility (CSR), which is a popular debate topic over decades, has divided into five major dimensions over time. They are known as the stakeholder dimension, the social dimension, the economic dimension, the voluntariness dimension and the environmental dimension in research (Dahlsrud, 2008). The relationship between CSR and company’s performance, which is classified as the stakeholder dimension, aroused a controversial discussion among differentRead MoreChallenges in Implementing Csr1580 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges in implementing CSR Corporate Social Responsibility can be separate into internal dimension and external dimension. Internal dimension and external dimension Internal dimension focuses on organizational practices with respect to internal stakeholders that should be aligned to corporate social responsibility standards. It includes human resource management, safety and health, environmental impact and corporate change. External dimension focus on an organization practices towards externalRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Corporate Social Responsibility Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The Human Resource Management and Corporate Social Responsibility are two news that are accepted and believed as highly important to company strategies. To be in competitive businesses needs to increase productivity by finding new systems. Furthermore, HRM is a crucial tool for any business, and as well as CSR, which is becoming an important too. The growth of CSR is the result of changes in the developed world’s greater concerns for environmental deforestation, discriminatory workingRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Code Of Ethics927 Words   |  4 PagesIn a professional setting, both business and social agencies work within the ethical code that reflect their professional view and role in a society. Most decision making is human services are made based on their own specific ethics (Brody Nair, 2014). Ethics are not simply expectations of leadership, but an essence of leadership because leaders have a responsibility to produce something good or harm, or make a social change (Manning, 2003). However, government and business agencies are oftenRead MoreSocial Responsibility : An Organization1032 Words   |  5 PagesSocial responsibility is an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act for the benefit of society at large. Social responsibility is a duty ever y individual has to perform so as to maintain a balance between the economy and the ecosystems. Ethics are moral principles that govern a person s or group s behavior. I like the way Wilhelm Autischer, the CSR project manager for an Austrian business describes social responsibility by dividingRead MoreSocial Audit Responsibility977 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The process of building a corporate social responsibility: Corporations while they need to conduct a strategy to become socially responsible, they usually passes through a process that leads it at the end to achieve what is called by â€Å"Civil learning†. In order to achieve this level –which is the highest level of a corporate social responsibility- , they are two dimensions: †¢ The organizational level †¢ The societal level The case of Nike as famous corporateRead MorePower Distance and Hofstedes Dimensions1063 Words   |  5 PagesPower distance and Hofstede’s dimensions Introduction This paper will be about the relation between the cultural dimension ‘power distance’ and three management principles we chose and will also be about the applicability of these management principles. This is quite interesting because even though we know that the cultural dimensions, by Geert Hofstede, and the management principles, by Fayol, have something to do with each other, the more the cultural dimensions differ, the more the rankingRead MoreInternational And Global And International Opportunities1069 Words   |  5 Pagesshared value in an organization. It is how one gets along and around in the workplace. Cultures assist in producing and achieving results in which motivate and retain talent successfully while adapting to changing conditions. It is the shared responsibility of the leader and/or manager to value their team members as individuals and welcome individuality, while embracing diversity and cultures within organizations. Communication is essential when cultural factors are involved. Knowing your cultural

After Apple-Picking. Robert Frost, The Author Of “After

After Apple-Picking Robert Frost, the author of â€Å"After Apple-Picking†, preferred to write in a traditional form and pattern of English poetry. He is known for being a straight forward author, although he is not always easy to read. His effects, even though they are simple, depend upon a certain slyness for which the reader must be prepared (Frost 1). â€Å"After Apple-Picking† is one of Frost’s least formal poems. It is written in first person and is compiled of forty-two lines with two to eleven syllables in each line (Muste 1). The pattern of the poem is in a continuous form in which the element of design is slight. In this type of form, the lines follow each other without formal grouping. The only breaks in the lines are indicated by units†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To Frost, the purposes of people and nature are never the same, and so nature s meanings can never be known. Probing for nature s secrets is futile and foolish. Humanity s best chance for serenity does not come from understanding the natural environment. Serenity comes from working usefully and productively amid the external forces of nature† (Frost 1). The lessons learned in this poem can apply to any endeavor of life that one finds enjoying, yet exhausting (Muste 1). Frost uses many symbols to enhance the meaning of this poem in order to pose questions about the purpose of life, the uncertainty of the afterlife, the relationship between humans and the spiritual world. In the later stages of life, people begin to question whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their lives. They try to determine the meaning of the life they have lived. The speaker in the poem is analyzing and reflecting back on the successes and failures of his life. The speaker states, â€Å"I am overtired of the great harvest I myself desired† (Johnson and Arp 722). In this line, he is acknowledging that he has grown tired from the journey of life. The speaker’s vision of what his li fe has looked like over the years is compared to looking at the world through a thin sheet of ice when he say’s â€Å"I cannot rub the strangeness from my sight I got from looking through a pane of glass† whichShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Intricate Meanings of Robert Frost s Poetry784 Words   |  4 PagesRobert Frost is considered by many to be one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s work has been regarded by many as unique. Frost’s poems mainly take place in nature, and it is through nature that he uses sense appealing-vocabulary to immerse the reader into the poem. In the poem, â€Å"Hardwood Groves†, Frost uses a Hardwood Tree that is losing its leaves as a symbol of life’s vicissitudes. â€Å"Frost recognizes that before things in life are raised up, they must fall down† (BloomRead MoreRobert Frost s Poem After Apple Picking918 Words   |  4 PagesRobert frost was one of the most critically accepted and widely admired American poets in the twentieth century. He was honored for his achievement with multiple Pulitzer Prizes for his work in poetry. He uses vivid detail about nature and has been called a natural poet although, he denies such view. Robert frost work is more of the human condition which are they key aspect being related to being a human. He was so beloved because he understood the key aspect of being related to human and wrote poetryRead MoreEssay about Robert Lee Frost1452 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Lee Frost The mark of a great poet is his ability to engage the reader so that they analyse their own lives. Robert Lee Frost (1874 – 1963) – an influential American poet often associated with rural New England – is brilliant at this and uses poetry as a platform for the expression of his own general ideology. Frost’s belief that human society was often chaotic and stressful and that the meaning of life is elusive, has been promoted in his poetry. Frost looked to nature, whose undyingRead MoreEssay about The Life of Robert Frost1404 Words   |  6 PagesROBERT FROST â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood and I- I took the road less traveled† How did Robert Frost take the road less traveled in his life? Frost was a poet who lived a hard life. With 6 kids and a wife, he had a lot of people to provide for. He was a man who wore many hats, being a dad, husband, poet, and farmer. Robert was an incredibly gifted man who wrote many famous poems. Robert Frost, a great American poet lived a humble life and changed the world with his profound writing abilityRead MoreThe Unique Influence of Robert Frosts Work894 Words   |  4 Pages Robert Frost is a very well-known poet. Many people were and still are influenced by him and his works. There were different things going on in his life that sometimes impacted his writing, but it never changed the result of his fine works. There are several things that make Frost famous and unique from others. Several people were influences in Frost’s life. His father was a journalist but died when Frost was only ten years old. His mother then took the family to Lawrence, Massachusetts whereRead MoreComparing Robert Frosts After Apple-Picking to Apples by Laurie Lee2445 Words   |  10 PagesComparing Robert Frosts After Apple-picking to Apples by Laurie Lee Poetry is an attempt to describe the nature and intensity of ones feelings and opinions. Often, however, these thoughts are too vague or complex to articulate. How does a poet translate these abstract ideas into something more tangible and workable? Simple, metaphorical objects and situations can be used to represent more elusive concepts. These can be interpreted in many different ways, however, and poets often use the sameRead MoreRobert Frost - Poetry Begins in Delight Ends in Wisdom - Essay2002 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"Poetry begins in delight and ends in wisdom† – Robert Frost Essay Danielle Sims Robert Frost was a poet who wrote traditional poetry that opposed the free verse styles and â€Å"no rules† system of the modernist poets who wrote at the same time in the early 1900s. His poetry is deceptively simple, commonly using colloquial language which flows just as naturally as speech. Whilst Frost is a poet who seems to be simplistic in his writing styles, his rhyming schemes are surprisingly sophisticated, oftenRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagesmid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a common touchstone a writer can tap b. Common Biblical stories with symbolic implications i. Garden of Eden: women tempting men and causing their fall, the apple as symbolic of an object of temptation, a serpent who tempts men to do evil, and a fall from innocence ii. David and Goliath—overcoming overwhelming odds iii. Jonah and the Whale—refusing to face a task and being â€Å"eaten† or overwhelmed by it anywayRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6682 Words   |  27 Pagesspecific text function together to produce meaning. The semiotic theory is built upon Structuralism and it links codes so that the text is therefore described as an autonomously functioning semiotic system. In this essay, the poem Mending Wall by Robert Frost is going to be used to describe how meaning are produced by codes, by recoding and overcoding according to Lotman’s semiotic theory. It is necessary to define codes and the process of interpretation before one delves in the semiotic analysis ofRead MoreLiterature and South Africa6676 Words   |  27 Pagesspecific text function together to produce meaning. The semiotic theory is built upon Structuralism and it links codes so that the text is therefore described as an autonomously functioning semiotic system. In this essay, the poem Mending Wall by Robert Frost is going to be used to describe how meaning are produced by codes, by recoding and overcoding according to Lotman’s semiotic theory. It is necessary to define codes and the process of interpretation before one delves in the semiotic analysis of

The Negative Impact of Elderly Abuse - 1202 Words

Medical and technological advancements enable elders to live longer lives than ever before, yet the impact of elder abuse continues to threaten the quality of life of the elderly population. Elder abuse is now becoming a prevalent problem in our society, and this problem is often overlooked and ignored making elder abuse one of the most unreported crimes in the country. Elder abuse is extremely complex like any other type of domestic violence and because there are many elements that contribute to this problem, the impact of elder abuse is much deeper than it may appear on the surface. Elder abuse has a negative impact on the individual, the family, and society. The negative impact of elder abuse first and foremost has a negative impact on the individual. Individuals can endure many types of abuse including physical, emotional, and financial and this can lead to unfavorable consequences for the individual. Most elders experience physical abuse. â€Å"In Canada 45 percent of reported cases of elder abuse concerned physical abuse.† Physical abuse poses one of the most threatening impacts because it produces negative health effects, such as heart problems, broken bones or limbs, and high blood pressure. Physical abuse has a considerable impact on people at any age, but elders can specifically be more vulnerable and the impact can hit much harder than normal. Elderly people have less physical resilience than people who are younger and the injuries they may take longer to heal. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Elderly Substance Abuse1490 Words   |  6 Pageslearn that elderly people abuse drugs and alcohol at extremely high rates. In f act, elderly substance abuse has become something of an unknown epidemic in the country, impacting an ever-increasing number of people. Sadly, this problem is often ignored or misunderstood and elderly people with addictions rarely get the help they need. Hopefully this problem changes for the good before it changes for the bad. Until then, it s worth knowing more about it, including the severity of its impact and whereRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Life With Different Values And Beliefs Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesimply the highest respect be given to elderly(2). The age-related archetype of a caregiver was used for a child brought up under the influence of the Confucian teachings of filial piety and for whom selfless generosity and caretaking are the primary motivating factors for his behaviour(3). On the other hand, archetypes of Perfect Grandparent and Severely Impaired were used to describe older Chinese generation(5). These archetypes summarized the role of the elderly in context of the cultural norms(5)Read MoreCaring For Loved Ones : Elder Abuse Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesCARING FOR LOVED ONES: ELDER ABUSE IN THE U.S. Although there are agencies and policies to protect the elderly, elder abuse is prevalent in the United States due to ambiguity, underreporting, and underfunding. In 1994, the National Long Term Care Survey found that over 7 million family members provided 120 hours of care to elders. It is extremely demanding and hard to care for the elderly, which causes stress that can then lead to neglect and/or abuse. In some cases, it is a learned behavior resultingRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1473 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the elderly population is that of substance abuse as it pertains to the increasing numbers of substance abusers, and/or the increasing rates of substance abuse among the elderly population. A national public health concern is that the rate of elderly substance abuse will rise sharply as boomers enter older adulthood. This research is not intended to be an entire comprehensive and exhaustive review of all research findings but a review to highlight those findi ngs concerning substance abuse amongRead MoreElder Abuse : An Ethical Dilemma1280 Words   |  6 PagesElder Abuse: An ethical Dilemma Nurses confront numerous dilemmas throughout their professional lives. The different types of dilemmas include, but are not limited to, ethical, moral, and legal dilemmas. These are the three most common dilemmas in nursing. A dilemma can be defined in many different ways. But all dilemmas are situations in which you have to make a difficult choice. Chiaranai (2011) states that an â€Å"ethical dilemma is a circumstance that arises from fundamental conflicts between ethicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Ageism On The Delivery Of Nursing Care For The Older Person1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe aim of this essay is to provide the audience with an understanding of ageism in healthcare by critically analyzing the impact of ageism on the delivery of nursing care for the older person. This essay will be based from the perspective of the impact of a registered nurse’s ageist behaviour on the older patient, the nursing care of the older patient and the impact on colleagues in the health ca re team. This essay will also discuss theories and relevant principles of ageism, nursing care andRead MoreIs Ageism The Intentional And Subconscious Discrimination Against Older Adults? Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesyounger generation does not understand that and dismisses the elderly. Showing respect and dignity to the older adult (OA) should be a courtesy ingrained in each of us, sadly, that has been forgotten in today’s society. The younger generations must learn the importance of respecting and take the time to listen to what the OA has to say and spend quality time with them. Children should be taught from an early age to treat the elderly with respect and dignity, and it should be carried with them throughoutRead MoreChallenges of Caring for Elderly Patients1839 Words   |  7 Pagesbaby boomers goes into the older adult phase, the number of elderly individuals requiring medical services will certainly magnify (Topaz, Maxim Doron, 2013). Older patients who come to the emergency department usually have more complicated conditions than younger patients. The older persons typically have multiple co-existing diseases, take different medications and present with atypical symptoms (Peters, 2010). The management of elderly patients is further complicated by numerous aging-related changesRead MoreWho Is The Registered Nurse Standards For Practice?1614 Words   |  7 Pagesalso aim to prevent any form of harm or negative consequence to the patient during and after their time in any healthcare facility. This paper will discuss the reportedly increasing issue of elder abuse, the responsibilities of the Registered Nurse and the associated Standards of Practice when faced with a patient or family that is experiencing this type of harm. The standards discussed in this paper will be Standards 2.5, 2.9 and 6.6. The act of â€Å"Elder Abuse† is defined as â€Å"any act occurring withinRead MoreElderly Abuse, Teenage Pregnancy, and Proposed Solutions to These Two Family Problems977 Words   |  4 Pagescan cause physical pain and leave the victim bloody and bruised, for instance abuse, while others cause mental anguish and financial hardship, such as teenage pregnancies. Many of these problems remain hidden, even with all the help that is usually available, because of embarrassment or fear of hurting a loved one. Although there are many proposed solutions, none have been effective enough to wipe the problems out. Abuse is a problem that an estimated 1.57 million Americans over the age of 60 are

Ethical And Ethical Models Of The Asian Mining Sector

As a manager working for a large Australian business corporation in the mining sector, situations often arise in negotiations with other countries that are unethical by Western cultural standards. In this situation, negotiations with another manager from the Asian mining sector have reached some hurdles, and information has been received that giving the Asian manager an expensive gift will secure the business contract, as is accustomed in many Asian countries (Han Fan, Woodbine, Scully, 2012). This particular situation is classified by Australian law as bribery and as such poses both a legal and ethical dilemma to the manager in charge of making this decision (Pedigo, Marshall, 2009). In order to ensure that an ethically sound outcome is†¦show more content†¦The benefits for the Australian company would mainly be in the favour of the company as a whole, as securing this deal will result in an increase in business and competiveness, while it would also benefit the employees a s they would not be in any danger of job loses. It would also benefit external stakeholders such as other companies that they interact directly with, because they would continue to supply and support each other (Barnes, Yen, Zhou 2010). Most of the negative affects that will arise directly result because of the nature of the deal. Bribery is illegal in Australia and as such is frowned upon and scrutinised (Sanchez-Runde, Nardon and Steers, 2013). This will affect the company’s image as well as individuals involved with company, with the manager who carried out the deal bearing the majority (Sacconi, 2006). The second model that can be used to assess the ethical dilemma is the moral rights model. This model aims to protect the fundamental rights and privileges of stakeholders (Waddell, Jones and George, 2012). This model is arguably the most applicable because of the

The Ways in Which Managerial Role Has Changed in the 21st Century Free Essays

THE WAYS IN WHICH MANAGERIAL ROLE HAS CHANGED IN THE 21ST CENTURY Globalization and advances in technology has brought changes to the business environment and the world as we know it today. Consequently, the nature of work has changed and it has brought on new challenges for managers (French et al, 2008). There is therefore the need to examine the ways the role of managers has evolved as a result of these changes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Ways in Which Managerial Role Has Changed in the 21st Century or any similar topic only for you Order Now The role of managers is primarily to guide organisations towards the accomplishment of its goals. Certo and Certo (2009) identified four major activities that mangers use in achieving organisational goals. These are planning, organising, influencing and controlling. The way managerial role has changed with be assessed based on this four activities. Planning refers to objectives and goal setting. Traditionally, planning has been concentrated at the top with employees been told what the next strategy is. The changing nature of work implies that managers and employees plan and execute decisions together (Bouchikhi and Kimberly, 2000 cited in Mullins, 2011). Employees’ views are now being taken into consideration in taking operational decisions. Managers have to plan in an uncertain world as such they have to be proactive and know how to manage risks. Organising involves creating structures and the division of labour. Managers would have to constantly restructure their organisations in line with changes in the business environment and their strategy. There is the need for proper delegation of authority. Advances in technology have brought about the trend towards ‘virtuality’ which removes some aspect of the borders and design of the traditional organisation by carrying business operations with the use of information technology (Certo and Certo, 2009). Managers have to be able to organise work and find efficient ways of communicating within this virtual environment. Influencing has to do with creating enthusiasm in people and inspiring employees to perform better. Changes in work environment mean that the organisational values need to be based on teamwork and trust because people are now seen as an important resource (Mullins, 2011). There is a greater emphasis on getting employees involved in the organisation and giving them the liberty to take initiative (Certo and Certo, 2009). It is essential that managers are able to attract and retain effective workforce overtime (French et al, 2008). Due to globalisation, the workforce is more diverse than ever. As a result, managers have to firstly recognize the differences in culture and modify their actions to deal with differing cultural norms (Molinsky et al, 2012). Controlling involves measuring performance and taking corrective actions. Advances in information technology impacts management control systems. The workplace is more interconnected with a speedy diffusion of information to more people (Mullins, 2011). Consequently, it is then necessary to manage information systems. In controlling people, managers need to be able to exude the right level of power over their subordinates. Bouchikhi and Kimberly (2000) claim that power is no longer concentrated at the top but is now shared. The 21st century marks the era called the information age which has seen themes such as globalisation, diversification and virtual organisations becoming at the heart of business operations. This has tremendous impact on the way a manager plans, organises, influences and controls his team. In order to be effective, a manger needs to be able to work in a virtual world where his team has as much input in the way plans are designed and decisions are made. The managers must also be open to the different cultures. How to cite The Ways in Which Managerial Role Has Changed in the 21st Century, Essay examples

Supervisor Attitudes About Employee Work/Life Issues free essay sample

Supervisor Attitudes about Employee Work/Life Issues Basic Concepts Definitions Supervisor attitudes about employee work/life issues are critical to the success of any work-family initiative and play an integral part of two of the four components of family-friendly workplaces: workplace culture and climate and workplace relationships (see Sloan Work and Family Encyclopedia entries Family-Friendly Workplace and Work-Family Culture). In fact, one might say that supervisor attitudes are hurdles that must be cleared in order for an organization to achieve any level of family-friendly. Supervisor Attitudes: AJzen and Fishbein (2000) state that attitude is best considered to be a persons degree of favorableness or unfavorableness with respect to a psychological object (p. 2). Other studies define attitudes with other variables of interest including (1) organizational commitment, Job satisfaction, and organization-based self-esteem (p. 439, Van Dyne Pierce, 2004) and (2) personal ethical commitment and employees commitment to organizational values (Adam Rachman-Moore, 2004). Attitude is hard to conceptualize, but in the context of this aper on supervisor attitudes about employee work/life issues, we define supervisor attitudes as those patterns of behaviors that demonstrate positive or negative regard towards employee work/life issues. Workplace Culture and Climate: The linkage between supervisor attitudes and workplace culture and climate is explicit—workplace attitudes affect every facet of work-family policies and initiatives. Workplace culture and climate refers to those shared values and beliefs, which are relatively stable, that help a group make meaning. For more information, see the Sloan Work and Family Encyclopedia entries Family-Friendly Workplace, Perceived Usability of Work/Family Policies, and Work-Family Culture. Workplace Relationships: These relationships refer to the social support employees find at work in their relationships with one another, supervisors, etc. The linkage between supervisor attitudes and workplace relationships is subtle and very complex as those attitudes may be hidden or masked by other relational and support issues. For more information, see the Sloan Work and Family Encyclopedia entry Family-Friendly Workplace. Importance of Topic to Work-Family Studies Supervisors play a critical role in the provision and utilization of work/life programs, and their attitudes towards employee work/life issues are inextricably linked to the organization and the employee. An organization may decide to decrease or minimize work/life programs based on supervisor input, and an employee may not feel comfortable taking advantage of a work/life program because of a supervisor. Thus, it is important for us to better understand supervisor attitudes about employee work/life issues and how those attitudes impact work/life programs. The purpose of this paper is to broadly explore the ways in which supervisor attitudes are already being studied in the work-family studies literature and to identify how supervisor attitudes about employee work/life issues impact employees and programs. State of the Body of Knowledge Supervisor and manager attitudes towards a variety of objects or populations are commonly studied. Attitudes toward women in the workplace, particularly women in management, are prevalent in the literature (Cordano, Scherer, Owen, 2002; Liff, Worrall, Cooper, 1997; Tomkiewicz, Frankel, Adeyemi-Bello, Sagan, 2004). Liff, Worrall, and Cooper (1997) found that 30% of males in senior management agreed or strongly agreed that women managers should not combine career and motherhood and almost 25% of males said they did or would have a problem working for a woman. Further, organizations managed by males with negative views towards women managers were least likely to employ them. The population was the industrial area of the West Midlands in Great Britain, which is considered to be male dominated. Several concepts already common to work-family studies were found to have similarities or overlap with supervisor attitudes. Table 1 summarizes those findings. Table 1. Summary of Research Concepts in Related to Supervisor Attitudes ConceptExplanation/DefinitionAuthors Intangible supportâ€Å"†¦employees seem to distinguish between tangible support (e. g. work–family practices) and intangible support (i. e. he culture of support, the belief that an organization is understanding of and flexible about conflicts that may arise)† p. 138. Jahn, Thompson, Kopelman (2003) Managerial interpretationâ€Å"†¦the role of managers in determining how to respond to institutional or resource pressures† (p. 580). Milliken, Martin, Morgan (1998) Employer, managerial, and supervisor support†¢Dimension of work-family culture †¢Influences emplo yee usability of work-family benefit (utilization). Allen (2001) Erdwins, Buffardi, Casper, O’Brien (2001) Friedman Greenhaus (2000) Thompson, Beauvais, Lyness (1999) Work climate for sharing concernsâ€Å"†¦a work climate for sharing concerns is one where employees can discuss family concerns with supervisors and peers† (p. 32). Kossek, Colquitt, Noe (2001) Implications for Practice and Research The supervisor is a key player in whether or not work-family programs are made available to employees and whether or not employees use the benefits. Organizations should be interested in the impact supervisors are having on these aspects of work-family programs for the same reasons that work-family programs are beneficial—job satisfaction, loyalty, commitment, etc. The return-on-investment of the work-family programs is also at stake when supervisors can single-handedly jeopardize the utility of such programs. Organizations should be assessing supervisor attitudes and their impact on work-family programs and subsequently holding supervisors accountable for their attitudes. Research on the implications of supervisor attitudes on employee work/life issues needs to be expanded. The relationships between supervisor attitudes and intangible support, managerial interpretation, employer/managerial/supervisor support, and work climate for sharing oncerns are opportunities for additional research, and undoubtedly there are other connections to be made among topics already research in work-family studies. Also, the drivers of supervisor attitudes need to be explored because that is where the potential for change lies in the cases where supervisors have negative and unproductive attitudes about employee work/life issues. References Adam, A. M

Social Citizenship and Theorising Substitute †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Social Citizenship and Theorising Substitute. Answer: Introduction: An ethical dilemma is a problem that occurs when an individual tries to decide between two activities but none of them is able to resolve the issue in an appropriate way (Ball et al., 2013). A large number of people are aware of how to keep them healthy when they age. But, a majority of individuals lack knowledge and do not have any information about how to proceed with it. Advance care planning (ACP) is a process in which the patients, his family members and doctors and the nursing staff work according to the wishes of their patients. They make sure that, the health care services are delivered to them according to their requirements. This assignment demonstrates the significance of using ACP/ACD for individuals who are ageing. Ethics is defined as the values and beliefs possessed by the individuals. It also includes the code of conduct in any organization by the employees and the workers. There are several ethical principles in ACP/ACD in individuals who are ageing and are at End of Life (EOL). These include Autonomy, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and Justice (Lehne Rosenthal, 2014). Autonomy involves respecting the decisions and choice made by the patients by the nursing staff, clinicians and the doctors and working according to them(Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2017).They should keep in mind that they are also humans and have the right to choose according to their wishes. Non-maleficence means that the nurses should ensure safety of the patients during providing treatment. They should be pro- active and be responsible towards their patients. Beneficience means that the doctors and the nursing staff should be dedicated and must work efficiently to provide health care services to their patients (Staunton and Chi arella 2016).Justice means that the nurses should not be partial should not discriminate their patients in providing quality services. It is important to acknowledge and work according to the wishes of old patients as it forms a major part of ethical care. Decision making at End-of-life care plays a significant role due to advanced development in healthcare science. The Code of Ethics has been developed in Australia for the nursing profession. The main aim of this code is that the nurses should provide proper care and affection in order to connect well with the patient. It helps in building trusting relationship with the patient. According to the code of ethics, the nursing staff and doctors should work with empathy and courteousness while providing health services to them especially old patients (Epstein Turner, 2015).They should be well competent and should have knowledge about all the nursing techniques in their profession. Advance care planning requires effective communication between the patients, their family members, and their clinicians. It is done efficiently after considering the relationships, culture and background of age old patients. It will play a significant role in deciding appropriate medical treatment procedure which can be recorded in an advance directive (AD).The main objective of using ACP is to make sure that ageing patients receive quality care by following the principles of ethics. There has been a significant increase in the need of efficient advance directives (AD).This is because people are living longer but they are not able to lead a life of good quality. They suffer from various health issues and problems as they age and want to go for a medical treatment procedure according to their choice. Hence, it is very important for all the patients who are old to form an AD which will definitely help him or her in taking effective decisions. This will benefit them when they reach a period when they are not able to take proper decisions about themselves. Hence, it becomes important that advanced directives is updated regularly as the medical needs for old aged patients changes with time because it depends on the condition of their health (Murray wt al., 2015). The Government of Victoria has decided to provide statutory recognition of advance care directives so that the old age patients can document and record preferences for the treatment of medical ailments in the present and the future .It involves several acts which are as follows: This act enables an old aged patient to deny the entire or a some part of the medical treatment for the current health condition .It also involves appointing a person in order to take important decisions for the patient and is given a medical enduring power of attorney. TheGuardian and Administration Act 1986: This act allows a patient to appoint an enduring decision maker to make appropriate decisions related to medical treatment on his or her behalf. It allows VCAT to provide a guardian for a patient who is not able to make proper judgments related to their personal situations or issues. The guardian appointed can consent to medical treatment on the behalf of the patient who is not capable to do by himself (Carney, 2012). Te main objective of this act is to provide new role of supportive attorney and the consolidation and clarification of the power of attorney (financial treatment) and enduring power of guardianship. It improves the legislative protections offered to people from the abuse of enduring powers of attorney (Kass-Bartelmes Hughes, 2014). According to this act, the public authorities including public health services act in compatibility with and provide proper importance to human rights. Advance care planning plays a significant role in ensuring that the old aged patients receive proper care according to their wishes and demands. The main aim of ACP is that it provides support and guidance to the patient and his family members and reduces their burden (Detering et al., 2015). Hence it can be concluded that it ACP plays a significant role in providing quality care to patients.It also helps in reducing distress among the health care professionals. It reduces the duration of hospitalization at the end of life and increases the utilization of health care services in the hospital. It provides patients and their family members quality satisfaction and promotes communication between the patient and the clinicians. References Ball, J. E., Murrells, T., Rafferty, A. M., Morrow, E., Griffiths, P. (2013). Care left undoneduring nursing shifts: associations with workload and perceived quality of care.Quality and Safety in Health Care, bmjqs-2012. Carney, T. (2014). Guardianship,social citizenship and theorising substitute decision-making law. InBeyond Elder Law(pp. 1-17). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 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